Coca Corn Viewing Both Sides Of Its Environmental Impact...

Jaime Lopez Bio 490-Senior Project Term Paper 4/17/2016 GM Corn: Viewing both sides of its Environmental Impact For hundreds of years, we as a species have been growing crops and cross pollenating crops to create new gene types to feed millions of people in the world. With the population soaring in the 20th Century resources will be exploited and the amount of food available will not meet the standards of many individuals (Connor et al., 2003; Phipps and Park, 2002). Crop growers are facing challenges in terms of finding productive lands, growing nutritional crops, and finding an alternative to reducing pesticide usage (Phipps and Park, 2002). Scientists and crop growers are looking into GMO technology to help with the ongoing challenges they are currently facing (Phipps and Park, 2002). Introducing this new technology hasn’t really gone well with the public because there is still concerns in what are the effects towards the environment and health safety (Somerville, 2000). The main crops that have been genetically modified are soybean, maize, cotton and oilseed rape (Phipps and Park, 2002). GM crops have shown positive results in pest and disease resistance, crop yield increases, reduction in pesticides, and environmental and nutritional improvements (Connor et al. 2003; Phipps and Park, 2002). However, activists view GMO’s to be dangerous to the environment and public health (Somerville, 2000). GM crops can be the one piece of technology that we need to tackle one ofShow MoreRelatedImpact of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Buying Behavior with Respect to Soft Drinks8005 Words   |  33 PagesA Grand Project on Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Buying Behavior with respect to Soft Drinks Prepaid by Guided by Hardik D Jani (Roll no: 35) Prof .Kruti Patel MBA Semester 4 Submitted to S K P I M C S DECLARATION We/ I, hereby, declare that the Comprehensive Project report Project titled, â€Å"Impact of celebrity endorsement on consumer buyingRead MorePepsi Project Report13786 Words   |  56 Pagesare produced by other competitors also. More often it becomes impossible to differentiate between the same flavors of two different brands, when served in plane container, range also. All these factors together make the situation complicated. besides both corresponding brands have the similar price. 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Markets Price And Non Price Economics Essay Free Essays

An agreement made where purchasers and Sellerss come in close contact with each other straight or indirectly to sell or purchase goods and services. Categorization of Markets Market Characterisitcs Market TYPE NO.OF Buyers NO. We will write a custom essay sample on Markets Price And Non Price Economics Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now OF Firms Entry Conditionss Market power Demand snap Merchandise Differentiation Net income maximastion status Pricing Power Perfect competition Many purchasers Many Sellerss Free None Absolutely elastic Homogeneous P=MR=MC=AR=Min AC Monetary value Taker Monopolistic competition Many purchasers Many Sellerss Free Limited Relatively elastic Close Substitutes with differentitated merchandises MC=MR To the extent of their merchandises Oligopoly competition Many purchasers Few Restricted Some Relatively elastic Close replacements, differentiated or homogeneous merchandises MC go throughing through discontinuous MR Uncertain Duopoly competition Many purchasers Two Restricted Divided Relatively elastic Very near replacements – _ Monopoly competition Many purchasers One Restricted Full moon Relatively inelastic No replacements MC=MR Monetary value Maker Monetary value and Non-Price Competition: non monetary value competion may be describe as the selling scheme under which the peculiar house tires to diffrentitate its merchandise from the competitiors merchandise this distinguish is done by the designor workmenship. It can be besides distinguish merchandise by offereing through quality service, client attending, distribustion scheme and other promotional activity. Where as the monetary value competion is refered to when the houses attempts to separate its productfrom the rival by maintaining the monetary value of the merchandise lower than the competitiors one. Now a yearss more houses are engaged with the non monetary value competion though it is really expensive in nature the ground behind that it is more profitable than selling the goods at lower monetary value and avoid the hazards of monetary value war. By and large in oligopoly markets and monopolistic markets are utilizing the non monetary value scheme because in this competions the houses becomes extermely competent with each other. Central of the non monetary value competion is merchandise diffrentiation. Hence the characteristics of merchandise diffrentiation are: Technical criterions Quality criterions Design characteristics Service characteristics Merchandise diffrentiation as the footing of set uping a down ward falling demand curve. This were introduced by the SRAFFA.but the chamberlin suggested that the demand is non merely determined by the pricind scheme of the house but besides by the manner of the merchandise and the services associated with them.he introduces two policy variables ; which are merchandise itself and selling activities. Individual house is incorporated with this dimensions therefore, the demand curve will switch if: The manner, servicesor the merchandising scheme of the house alterations Rivals change their monetary value, end product and servicesor merchandising policies Tastes incomes, pricesor selling policies of merchandise from the other industry alteration Non monetary value competition: Non monetary value competition is applicable to all types of markets except than the monopoly and perfect competition: Perfect competition: exclusion because the in this state of affairs he all merchandise are homogeneous in nature Monopoly: exclusion because the individual marketer is the accountant of Te market so no 1 at that place for the non monetary value competitio Non monetary value determiners of demand: non monetary value deteminants can be described as the any attempt made by the house to prolong in the market to gain the net income and to increse their demand in the market. Following are the some non monetary value determiners of the demand, Tastes and prefrences Income Monetary values of sustitutes Number of purchasers Future outlooks of purchasers Financing footings. As the determiners of demand are of import in the monopolistic market we besides should give equal importance to the determiners of the supply in the non monetary value competition Factor inputs alterations Production technique Change in no of Sellerss in the market Expectation of future alterations in monetary value Advantages of the non monetary value competition ; Consumers gets low monetary values Manufacturers and providers are going more displine in natureto cust down the monetary values. New betterments in engineering Enormous betterment in the quqlity or service Imformation for the consumers leting people to do more informed pick Price snap of the demand: Responsiveness on the snap of the measure demanded of a good or service to a alteration in its monetary value.it gives the per centum alteration in the measure demanded in responses to the 1 % alteration in the monetary value. Price competion is applicable in all types of markets except so perfect competion and monopoly competion. Perfect competion: exclusion because in perfect competion the houses are monetary value takers the monetary value is non decided by the house it is accepted. Monopoly competition: exclusion because in this state of affairs there is a individual marketer in the market who is the decider of the monetary value hence it is non applicable. Price snap of demand with reapect to the markets Perfect competition: in the the perfect competion the elasticiy of edmand is prefectly elastic in nature because all the merchandises availble in this market are homogeneous in the nature. As the homogeneous merchandises are perfect replacement for each other the market becomes extremely recative in nature. monopolistic market: snap of demand is comparatively elastic In nature as the stopping point substitues are availble in the market this substitues are availble with the small diffrention. Oligopoly market: oligopoly market is some how combination of the perfect competition and monopolistic market so the snap of the demand the comparatively high in nature as the all merchandises are homogeneous in nature and they are utility for each other. Duopoly market: in he duopoly market there are merely two Sellerss in the markets with regard to many purchasers. The snap is comparatively elastic because in this state of affairs there are really close substitues are availble for the merchandise. Monopoly market: in this market the snap is comparatively inelastic nature as there is merely one goad the reactivity of the demand for a good to alter in the monetary value of anthoer good.it is measured as the per centum alteration in demand for the first good that occurs in reactivity to % alteration in monetary value or 2nd good. Cross monetary value snap of the perfect competion with regard to replacements: the reactivity of the demand for a good to alter in the monetary value of anthoer good.it is measured as the per centum alteration in demand for the first good that occurs in reactivity to % alteration in monetary value or 2nd good. Cross monetary value snap of the perfect competion with regard to replacements: ucer in the market so the manufacturer is holding the full market poer in the custodies. there is no sustitute availble in the market. Cross monetary value snap of demand with the availble substitues: Cross monetary value snap: the reactivity of the demand for a good to alter in the monetary value of anthoer good.it is measured as the per centum alteration in demand for the first good that occurs in reactivity to % alteration in monetary value or 2nd good. Cross monetary value snap of the perfect competion with regard to replacements: Perfect competiton: the high monetary value cross snap can be seen in this market as the manufacturer Is monetary value taker and non the monetary value shaper. More over that the merchandises are homogeneous in nature which are replacement for each other. Monopolistic competition: there are figure of manufacturers are at that place in the market.du to the high competition the manufacturers are willing to do more market portion so the cross monetary value snap is comparatively high in nature. Oligopoly competition: in this market the cross monetary value snap do issues because in this market. As the replacements are availble in the market with the homogenity or merchandise diffrention. Duopoly competition: there are merely two manufacturers are availble in the markets there are really close replacement for each other and because of this cross monetary value snap is low. Monopoly competition: there is merely one manufacturer in the market and no replacement is availble so there is no inquiry of cross monetary value snap. How to cite Markets Price And Non Price Economics Essay, Essay examples

Blue

Blue-and-White Islamic Pottery on Chinese Themes Essay The great traditions ol Chinese porcelain have inspired over the centuries a wide variety of imitators. At times in the history of art an imitative tradition, beginning as a backward look toward past glories in faraway lands, takes its own (orm and shape, developing into a major creative force with new directions. Such is in part the case in the Ottoman Turkish tow n of Izmk, where the local potters began beiore the year 1500 to produce pottery wares inspired by Chinese blue-and-white porcelain, whir h also began to appear itself in the inventories of the palace of the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul around the same time. To imitate porcelain, let alone the great Chinese porcelain, has always been an arduous task. Some o( the basic materials can rarely be found outside China. The techniques necessary to fire these materials to a point where they fuse, giving the glasslike smoothness, the translucency, the pure white color, and the characteristic ring of true porcelain present a complex ch allenge today. Tor the Turkish potters of the sixteenth century the challenge was even greater. Their solution to the difficulty was to develop an off-white claylike mixture contain- ing a high percentage of silica, which they coated with a thin layer of pure white slip. They covered the slip and its painted decoration with a clear transparent glaze in order to provide a porcelainlike visual effect in their work. |ust as Chinese artisans in earlier times had imitated Islamic pottery and metalwork in the medium of blue-and-white porcclam. by the early sixteenth century, artisans in the Ottoman Empire were beginning to imitate Chinese porcelains in the medium of pottery.1 Perhaps the most interesting aspect of this phenomenon is the appearance of the mottvslkm to imitate Chinese porcelain in Ottoman Turkey. It now appears that this motivation is closely linked to the symbolic value of Chinese porcelain in the Islamic world, not the symbolism of its complex and vaned decorative forms but its symbol- ism as Chinese porcelain, highly prized in the Middle East because of its beauty, rarity, and cost. Further, by the time that the Ottoman Turkish sultans had begun to collect Chinese porcelain in the late fifteenth century, the tradition linking blue-and- white porcelain to Islamic royally was over a century old and was widely illustrated in Islamic miniature pointings. To examine both the blue-and-white pottery tradition and its relationships to Chinese porcelain, the collections ol the Boston Museum of Fine Arts provide an excellent vantage point. Not only arc the museums holdings in Chinese white quite good, but it possesses eight examples of Islamic blue- and-white pottery related to the Chinese traditions. Evidence for the examination of this problem falls into two basic categories. First arc the imitative works of art themselves, which occur in considerable numbers in the Turkish pottery tradition and in smaller numbers in the sixteenth century pottery of Persia. Second arc the documents; these include Chinese porcelains in the Turkish and Persian collections, inventories doc umenting the growth of these col lections, and the appearance of Chinese porcelains in Islamic miniature painting Together, this evidence presents Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã‚ » only a picture of the tremendous prestige that the Chinese porcelains en|oyed in the Islamic world but also a picture of how they were perceived and modified by Islamic artists and artisans who saw them. The appearance of blue-and-white porcelain in miniature paintings presents a large and diffuse mass of evidence.2 The earliest and one of the richest sources in this respect is a manuscript of the Divan (collection of narrative* poems » by Khwaiu Kirmam, a fourteenth century Persian poet, in the British Museum . The man uscript was completed in the late fourteenth century in Baghdad for a Persian ruler of the Jalayrid family and was illustrated with nine miniatures by a remarkable painter named lunayd. lunayd appears to have been extremely sensitive both to the romantic stories illustrated and to the contemporary appurtenances of courtly luxury that fill many of the illustrations. Consequently, together with the accurate depiction of rugs, costumes, and architectural decoration in the illustrations, Junayd shows nu merous examples of blue-and-white porcelain from China, which he probably en countered at the (alayrid court. The early date, corresponding to A.D. 13%. of the miniature s in the British Museum Divan is important in two ways. First, it indicates   thal despite the unstable state ol politics in Iran at the time, there was already a thriving import ol Chinese porcelains by Islamic courts before 1400. Second, the paintings of lunayd and his followers exerted an enormous influence on Persian painting of the following century, and the depiclion of Chinese porcelain in con nection with princely entertainments became an established tradition in Persian painting. By the first half of the sixteenth century, new dimensions were added in Persian miniature painting to the depiction of blue-and-white porcelains. Not only did Chinese porcelains continue to embellish scenes of courtly entertainments but they were sometimes seen in considerably less prestigious contexts. In a famous minia ture in the Fogg Museum, originally Intended as an illustration for a manuscript com missioned by the Safavid Shah Tahmasp around 1540, the painter Mir Sayyid ‘Ali shows a large blue-and-white Ming bowl being put to rather prosaic use, as a recep taclc for wrung-out laundry in a nomad encampment . Comparatively rare depiction o( the expensive Ming ware outside the context of a courtty feast suggests a s ort of visual joke. The sophisticated courtiers who saw the painting were no doubt amused by the depiction of the relative simplicity and naivete of their wealthy but uncultured nomadic cousins who would put such an expensive objeci to such a homely use. In the Ottoman court, examples of the use of porcelain in a courtly context were preserved in large albums of paintings from earlier times, which were used by the court artists as pattern books and sources of designs and inspiration. In these albums appear a number of paintings showing Chinese porcelains.1 They dearly document the importance of the Chinese porcelains in an Islamic context and were Intended for a limited group of upper-class viewers, for whom the objects depicted had an im mediate familiarity and significance. The inventory documents of the Ottoman Turkish archives tell another interesting story. An inventory of 1486 made for Sultan Bayezid II (1480-1504) mentions no Chi nese porcelain. But in 1495 the palace inventory in Istanbul lists five pieces of porc e lain. and by 1501 the collection had grown to include eleven pieces, including five bowls and two plates. By 1505, a year after the death of Bayezid. the collection In cluded twenty-one pieces, and In 1514 it was augmented by sixty-two pieces brought back by Selim I after his defeat of the Persian Shah Ismail at Chaldiran and the sack of the Persian capital at Tabriz.4 Under Suleyman I, Selim’s successor (1520-1566). the collection grew steadily. Documents attest to the Sultans growing collection of por celain and also record that near the end of his life a return to the stricter tenets of Islamic orthodoxy was accompanied by the melting down of his gold tableware and the exclusive use of ceramic wares. Today, two of the largest collections of Chinese porcelain in the world outside of China itself are that in the T opkapi Palace Museum in Istanbul and the collection formerly housed in the Safavid family shrine in Ardebil and now in Tehran. In both Turkey and Persia ruling sovereigns commissioned spe cial buildings to house their porcelain collections. In Istanbul achim khaneh (China house) was built in the mid-sixteenth century, while the great collection of the Ardebil shrine in Iran was dedicated in its special building by Shah ‘Abbas the Great in 1611.1 This evidence alone attests to the prestige and populanty of Chinese ceramics among Islamic sovereigns in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Under such cir cumstances, it was perhaps inevitable that the costly and prized Chinese ceramics should have a great impact on indigenous Islamic pottery traditions. In the case of the famous Ottoman Turkish ceramics, now generally recognized as having been made tor the most part by the many individualized and specialized ateliers of the town of Iznik, the Chinese impact ranges all the way from outright copies of Chinese prototypes to Turkish stylizations of Chinese designs in which the origins are only dimly apparent through examination of progressive stages in the transmutation of the original. Contemporary central mexican ceramics : A view from the past EssayIn a Turkish lamp dating from the fifteen eighties m the Walters Art Gallery in Baltimore, the flower and the cloud band seen on the Boston plate have been transformed through the artists imagina tion into a tiny garlanded lions head, with the tongue becoming the snout of the lion and two large round eyes added for good measure. The Boston plate shown in even further removed Irom any resemblance to Chinese porcelain, shows   a tour-lobed central field decorated by four small cartouches each containing three tiny flowers. The backgrounds of the cartouches and the spandrels forming the (our lobes are filled with perfunctory curls doubtless deriving from the wave-and-foam border in its Ottoman incarnation. The abbreviated rim design of curling leaves on a scroll vine is on the other hand an almost direct quotation from early fifteenth cen tury Chinese porcelain. In each of these cases, the blue-and-white Ottoman potte ry plate Is now far removed from its Chinese inspiration and has taken on a character of its own. The first plate   with its great attention to texture in the flowers, probably dares from the middle of Ihe sixteenth century, while the second , exhibiting far (ess relationship to Chinese porcelain, probably dates from around the year 1600. A final example of blue-and-white Ottoman pottery reflecting inspiration of Chinese porcelain   differs from the six Boston examples seen to this point in that it incorporates a black line in the design in addition to the use of blue pigments. The fourfold design uses a variant of the tongued flower already encountered, this time in very pale blue outlined with a crisp greenish black line, and embraced by its own stem and by a spiky leaf. The greenish tinge in the black line, the great brilliance of the transparent overglaze, and the similarity in drawing to two famous mosque lamps in British collections datable to around 1550 help to place this remote Turkish relative of Chinese porcelain close to the middle of the sixteenth century * The last part of the sixth decade of the sixteenth century saw in Turkey the intro duction of a new color, a bright red. into the repertoire ot the Iznik ceramic-makers. The new polychrome palette, later enhanced by a brilliant green, was influential in moving Turkish potters away from a reliance on the inspiration of Chinese porcelain into a new stylistic vocabulary of brightly colored tulips, carnations, hyacinths, roses, and experimental forms derived from textiles and manuscript illumination A brilliant example of the new style in the Museum of Fine Arts shows a decoration of sprays of the stylized flowers dominated by a large blue decorated tulip. But a vestige of homage to Chinese porcelain remains in the cusped edge of the plate, a testimony to the persistence of old influences in the face of new styles and a change in taste. In the seventeenth century, the Iznik ateliers underwent a marked decline, caused in part by the deterioration of quality resulting (rom mass production and in part by royal decrees requiring them to sell ceramic tiles at low prices despite a dramatic inflation in the cost of production. A late example from the middle of the seventeenth century in the Museum of Fine Arts still shows the remarkable persistence of the inspiration of Chinese porcelain in the iznik workshops. The plate is deco rated almost entirely with a black line, with only tiny accents of green, turquoise, and a now muddy red. It it dominated by what appears to be a large stylized leaf and some smaller leaves and tendrils, shown on a background of black spirals and contained within a corrupted version ot the wave-and-foam border. In fact, this otherwise undistinguished object is an extremely stylized paraphrase of an early fifteenth century Ming porcelain design, in which a dragon is portrayed in reserve while against a stormy sea. The dragon has disappeared from the Boston plate, his craggy outlines metamorphosed into leaves and tendrils, but some sense  of the fury and energy of the Chinese design remains in the late Turkish product with its compass-drawn lines, poor colors, and flawed glaze. One last example of Islamic pottery under the influence of Chinese porcelain brings us back full circle to direct imitation of a Chinese design. The Museum of Fine Arts recently acquired a large blue-and-white pottery dish   that at first glance would appear to belong with the very first Turkish plate cxamind. The decoration consists of three large underglaze-painted peony blossoms in cobalt blue, executed again with very soft brush strokes and with skillful attention to the effect of thinning of the blue pigments to translucency over the white slip. These large blossoms are accompanied by smaller blossoms and spiky leaves. Beyond the cavetto of the dish with its frieze of tiny leaves and flowers is a border that, despite the absence of whorls, or perhaps because of it, immediately declares itself as the familiar border of waves and foam. In common with the blue-and-white pottery ex amined thus far, blue underglaze painting is employed on a white slip, on a body of off-white silicaceous material. Unlike the Turkish examples already seen, however, the glaze is relatively dull and is marked in many places by an irregular craquclurc; the interior of the foot-ring is unglazed Stylistically, the softness of the forms and the relatively light outlining of the leaves and petals show a different kind of adaptation of Ihe Chinese design from that of Iznik, and the bottom of the cavetto is decorated with a carelessly executed frieze of hooked forms not found on Turkish examples. This last example is in fact not of Turkish production but comes from northern Persia. The porcelain prototypes for this type of design have been dated to the early fifteenth century, and it appears that the Boston plate may be dated to around the year 1500. forming part of an extremely rare group of Persian wares probably pro duced in the neighborhood of Tabnz about this time. » It is rather surprising, given the fondness for porcelain evidenced in Persian miniature painting, that more wares of this type have not been found. Perhaps the technical means present in the Otto man Empire that enabled the Turkish potters to create very close reproductions of Chinese porcelain by the second quarter of the sixteenth century were lacking, and the imitations were not deemed of sufficient likeness to the original to be worth the effort. The same tradition did reproduce some attractive blue-and-white pottery in Persia, most notably a large dish in a private collection with a design of birds and cloud bands within a stylized wave-and-foam border, but the patronage necessary for a continued and expanded production was lacking, possibly due to the greater availability in Ð  Ã µÃ ³Ã' Ã ° in the early sixteenth century of the blue-and-white porcelain Itself. The eight examples of blue-and-white ware examined here illustrate only part of one chapter in the continuing imp act of Chinese artistic traditions on Islamic pottery making over many centuries, beginning with the import of Tang ceramics into the lands of the ‘Abbasid caliphate in the ninth century A.D. and persisting into the first decades of our own century in the ceramic manufactories of Istanbul and Tehran. Rather than terming these Islamic works cither copies or derivatives of Chinese originals, perhaps we might best regard them as compliments paid by Near Eastern artisans and patrons to a sister culture to the east.

Securities Exchange Board of India free essay sample

In 1988 the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was established by the Government of India through an executive resolution, and was subsequently upgraded as a fully autonomous body (a statutory Board) in the year 1992 with the passing of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act (SEBI Act) on 30th January 1992. In place of Government Control, a statutory and autonomous regulatory board with defined responsibilities, to cover both development regulation of the market, and independent powers have been set up. Paradoxically this is a positive outcome of the Securities Scam of 1990-91. The basic objectives of the Board were identified as: to protect the interests of investors in securities; to promote the development of Securities Market; to regulate the securities market and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Since its inception SEBI has been targetting the securities and is attending to the fulfillment of its objectives with commendable zeal and dexterity. We will write a custom essay sample on Securities Exchange Board of India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The improvements in the securities markets like capitalization requirements, margining, establishment of clearing corporations etc. reduced the risk of credit and also reduced the market. SEBI has introduced the comprehensive regulatory measures, prescribed registration norms, the eligibility criteria, the code of obligations and the code of conduct for different intermediaries like, bankers to issue, merchant bankers, brokers and sub-brokers, registrars, portfolio managers, credit rating agencies, underwriters and others. It has framed bye-laws, risk identification and risk management systems for Clearing houses of stock exchanges, surveillance system etc. which has made dealing in securities both safe and transparent to the end investor. Another significant event is the approval of trading in stock indices (like SP CNX Nifty Sensex) in 2000. A market Index is a convenient and effective product because of the following reasons: It acts as a barometer for market behavior; It is used to benchmark portfolio performance; It is used in derivative instruments like index futures and index options; It can be used for passive fund management as in case of Index Funds. Two broad approaches of SEBI is to integrate the securities market at the national level, and also to diversify the trading products, so that there is an increase in number of traders including banks, financial institutions, insurance companies, mutual funds, primary dealers etc. to transact through the Exchanges. In this context the introduction of derivatives trading through Indian Stock Exchanges permitted by SEBI in 2000 AD is a real landmark. SEBI appointed the L. C. Gupta Committee in 1998 to recommend the regulatory framework for derivatives trading and suggest bye-laws for Regulation and Control of Trading and Settlement of Derivatives Contracts. The Board of SEBI in its meeting held on May 11, 1998 accepted the recommendations of the committee and approved the phased introduction of derivatives trading in India beginning with Stock Index Futures. The Board also approved the Suggestive Bye-laws as recommended by the Dr LC Gupta Committee for Regulation and Control of Trading and Settlement of Derivatives Contracts. SEBI then appointed the J. R. Verma Committee to recommend Risk Containment Measures (RCM) in the Indian Stock Index Futures Market. The report was submitted in november 1998. However the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SCRA) required amendment to include derivatives in the definition of securities to enable SEBI to introduce trading in derivatives. The necessary amendment was then carried out by the Government in 1999. The Securities Laws (Amendment) Bill, 1999 was introduced. In December 1999 the new framework was approved. Derivatives have been accorded the status of `Securities. The ban imposed on trading in derivatives in 1969 under a notification issued by the Central Government was revoked. Thereafter SEBI formulated the necessary regulations/bye-laws and intimated the Stock Exchanges in the year 2000. The derivative trading started in India at NSE in 2000 and BSE started trading in the year 2001. Reasons for Establishment of SEBI: With the growth in the dealings of stock markets, lot of malpractices also started in stock markets such as price rigging, ‘unofficial premium on new issue, and delay in delivery of shares, violation of rules and regulations of stock exchange and listing requirements. Due to these malpractices the customers started losing confidence and faith in the stock exchange. So government of India decided to set up an agency or regulatory body known as Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) 2. Aims and objectives of SEBI The main objectives of SEBI are: (1) Regulation of Stock Exchanges: The first objective of SEBI is to regulate stock exchanges so that efficient services may be provided to all the parties operating there. (2) Protection to the Investors: The capital market is meaningless in the absence of the investors. Therefore, it is important to protect the interests of the investors. The protection of the interests of the investors means protecting them from the wrong information given by the companies in their prospectus, reducing the risk of delivery and payment, etc. Hence, the foremost objective of the SEBI is to provide security to the investors. 3. Checking the Insider Trading: Insider trading means the buying and selling of securities by those people’s directors Promoters, etc. who have some secret information about the company and who wish to take advantage of this secret information. This hurts the interests of the general investors. It was very essential to check this tendency. Many steps have been taken to check inside trading through the medium of the SEBI. 4. Control over Brokers: It is important to keep an eye on the activities of the brokers and other middlemen in order to control the capital market. To have a control over them, it was necessary to establish the SEBI. 5. To prevent fraudulent and malpractices by having balance between self regulation of business and its statutory regulations. 6. To regulate and develop a code of conduct for intermediaries such as brokers, underwriters, etc. 7 To perform and implement then power of capital issues act 1947 and securities contract act, 1956 which were given to SEBI by the government. 8. to regulate acquisition of shares and takeovers of companies 3. Services offered by SEBI Investors’ Services Fund The Exchange shall establish a separate fund called Investors’ Services Fund by setting aside twenty percent of the annual listing fees or such percentage of the listing fees, as may be stipulated by SEBI from time to time. This Fund shall be used for the purposes of providing different kinds of services to the investing public. The Exchange shall have at least one Investor Service Centre at the place where the Exchange is located for the benefit of the public/investors. The Investor Service Centre shall provide such number of newspapers and periodicals, as may be specified by SEBI / Exchange, with at least one in the regional language. The Investor Service Centre shall provide a facility for dissemination of information about companies, including annual reports, financial and other important information through electronic media by providing view terminals with restricted access and with a facility to take copies on payment of a reasonable fee. The Investor Service Centre shall provide a facility for receiving/recording investors’ complaints/claims and provide acknowledgement slips with distinct numbers generated through the electronic system put in place by the Exchange for this purpose, which shall be capable of maintaining and updating the status of such investors’ complaints/claims. The Investor Service Centre shall provide counselling service to the investors to assist the investors to know the steps they need to take before entering into any arrangement to buy and/or sell a security through a trading member or a sub-broker on the Exchange. The Investor Service Centre shall have reasonable infrastructure facilities of trained staff, telephone, sitting place, printing machine, Xerox machine, etc. The Investor Service Centre shall provide published materials of the Exchange as well as magazines for the reference by the investors. The Investor Service Centre shall provide view terminals displaying prices of the scrips on real-time basis for the benefit of the investors. The Investor Service Centre shall maintain books on relevant laws, financial analysis, market trend analysis, etc. for reference by the investors. The stock exchange, having a market share of more than twenty percent of the total turn over in the equity market across all stock exchanges as at the end of the latest financial year published by SEBI, shall provide the above facilities at at least at five Investor Service Centres and the stock exchange having a turn over upto twenty percent of the total turn over in the equity market across all stock exchanges, shall have at least one Investor Service Centre. A list of Investor Service Centres opened by the Exchange shall be published on the Website of the Exchange, communicated to SEBI from time to time and also published in a widely circulated national daily, at least once in every calendar quarter. 4. Role of the institution in our financial system The role or functions of SEBI are: To protect the interests of investors through proper education and guidance as regards their investment in securities. For this, SEBI has made rules and regulation to be followed by the financial intermediaries such as brokers, etc. SEBI looks after the complaints received from investors for fair settlement. It also issues booklets for the guidance and protection of small investors. To regulate and control the business on stock exchanges and other security markets. For this, SEBI keeps supervision on brokers. Registration of brokers and sub-brokers is made compulsory and they are expected to follow certain rules and regulations. Effective control is also maintained by SEBI on the working of stock exchanges. To make registration and to regulate the functioning of intermediaries such as stock brokers, sub-brokers, share transfer agents, merchant bankers and other intermediaries operating on the securities market. In addition, to provide suitable training to intermediaries. This function is useful for healthy atmosphere on the stock exchange and for the protection of small investors. To register and regulate the working of mutual funds including UTI (Unit Trust of India). SEBI has made rules and regulations to be followed by mutual funds. The purpose is to maintain effective supervision on their operations avoid their unfair and anti-investor activities. To promote self-regulatory organization of intermediaries. SEBI is given wide statutory powers. However, self-regulation is better than external regulation. Here, the function of SEBI is to encourage intermediaries to form their professional associations and control undesirable activities of their members. SEBI can also use its powers when required for protection of small investors. To regulate mergers, takeovers and acquisitions of companies in order to protect the interest of investors. For this, SEBI has issued suitable guidelines so that such mergers and takeovers will not be at the cost of small investors. To prohibit fraudulent and unfair practices of intermediaries operating on securities markets. SEBI is not for interfering in the normal working of these intermediaries. Its function is to regulate and control their objectional practices which may harm the investors and healthy growth of capital market. To issue guidelines to companies regarding capital issues. Separate guidelines are prepared for first public issue of new companies, for public issue by existing listed companies and for first public issue by existing private companies. SEBI is expected to conduct research and publish information useful to all market players (i. e. all buyers and sellers). To conduct inspection, inquiries audits of stock exchanges, intermediaries and self-regulating organizations and to take suitable remedial measures wherever necessary. This function is undertaken for orderly working of stock exchanges intermediaries. To restrict insider trading activity through suitable measures. This function is useful for avoiding undesirable activities of brokers and securities scams. 5. Functions of SEBI: The SEBI performs functions to meet its objectives. To meet three objectives SEBI has three important functions. These are: i. Protective functions ii. Developmental functions iii. Regulatory functions. 1. Protective Functions: These functions are performed by SEBI to protect the interest of investor and provide safety of investment. As protective functions SEBI performs following functions: (i) It Checks Price Rigging: Price rigging refers to manipulating the prices of securities with the main objective of inflating or depressing the market price of securities. SEBI prohibits such practice because this can defraud and cheat the investors. (ii) It Prohibits Insider trading: Insider is any person connected with the company such as directors, promoters etc. These insiders have sensitive information which affects the prices of the securities. This information is not available to people at large but the insiders get this privileged information by working inside the company and if they use this information to make profit, then it is known as insider trading, e. g. , the directors of a company may know that company will issue Bonus shares to its shareholders at the end of year and they purchase shares from market to make profit with bonus issue. This is known as insider trading. SEBI keeps a strict check when insiders are buying securities of the company and takes strict action on insider trading. (iii) SEBI prohibits fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices: SEBI does not allow the companies to make misleading statements which are likely to induce the sale or purchase of securities by any other person. (iv) SEBI undertakes steps to educate investors so that they are able to evaluate the securities of various companies and select the most profitable securities. (v) SEBI promotes fair practices and code of conduct in security market by taking following steps: (a) SEBI has issued guidelines to protect the interest of debenture-holders wherein companies cannot change terms in midterm. (b) SEBI is empowered to investigate cases of insider trading and has provisions for stiff fine and imprisonment. (c) SEBI has stopped the practice of making preferential allotment of shares unrelated to market prices. 2. Developmental Functions: These functions are performed by the SEBI to promote and develop activities in stock exchange and increase the business in stock exchange. Under developmental categories following functions are performed by SEBI: (i) SEBI promotes training of intermediaries of the securities market. (ii) SEBI tries to promote activities of stock exchange by adopting flexible and adoptable approach in following way: (a) SEBI has permitted internet trading through registered stock brokers. (b) SEBI has made underwriting optional to reduce the cost of issue. (c) Even initial public offer of primary market is permitted through stock exchange. 3. Regulatory Functions: These functions are performed by SEBI to regulate the business in stock exchange. To regulate the activities of stock exchange following functions are performed: (i) SEBI has framed rules and regulations and a code of conduct to regulate the intermediaries such as merchant bankers, brokers, underwriters, etc. (ii) These intermediaries have been brought under the regulatory purview and private placement has been made more restrictive. (iii) SEBI registers and regulates the working of stock brokers, sub-brokers, share transfer agents, trustees, merchant bankers and all those who are associated with stock exchange in any manner. (iv) SEBI registers and regulates the working of mutual funds etc. (v) SEBI regulates takeover of the companies. (vi) SEBI conducts inquiries and audit of stock exchanges 6. Public awareness of the institute After getting sweeping powers to take on market manipulators and perpetrators of investment frauds, Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) is now working on ways to empower the small investors and to channelize a larger flow of household savings into capital markets. To reach this goal, the Sebi is considering a triple-A approach of spreading awareness among investors, promoting appropriate products and ensuring proper audit of the marketplace. This is one of the key suggestions made by an independent consultant for an overhaul of Sebis functions, role, structure and vision, a senior official said. The proposals, which have been made after extensive consultations with top officials from Sebi, finance ministry, RBI, IRDA and large market intermediaries, will take the final shape after incorporating the suggestions made by the board of capital markets regulator. After consulting the internal and external stakeholders, the global consultancy major, Oliver Wyman, has suggested eight key goals for Sebi over the next five years, the top-most being increasing mobilisation of household savings into capital markets. The other goals identified in this project are building a diversified and balanced investor base in the country, developing viable alternatives to bank credit, enhancing ability to prevent and respond to crises, empowerment o investors and ensuring full trust and confidence of investors in the securities market. Besides, it also wants Sebi to become a centre of excellence for conducting supervision functions and achieve best in class efficiency, knowledge institution and employer of choice status. An 15-point agenda has also been suggested for Sebi to achieve these eight goals. According to officials, some of the recommended measures are either already in place or are in the advanced stages of implementation, while others might be adopted in due course. It has been suggested that Sebi should pursue the government and other regulators to address the regulatory gaps in the existing setup with proposals like consolidated supervision of all types of investment schemes through a single body and creation of a separate regulator for auditors. Besides, Sebi has also been asked to strengthen the supervision of the exchanges oversight of listed companies by setting up a dedicated internal team to oversee the bourses functions and ensure adequate enforcement. It has also asked Sebi to enhance its crisis prevention and response capabilities through steps like an effective coordination with RBI and ongoing monitoring of systemically important institutions. The triple-A approach for mobilising household savings into productive capital market products include collaboration with other regulators to spread investor awareness, developing appropriate low-risk products for retail investors and proper audit of marketplace to safeguard investors interest. In wide-ranging changes to the way Sebi can act against market manipulators and fraudsters, the government last month gave it powers to regulate all kinds of investment schemes involving Rs 100 crore or more, conduct search and seizure activities, pass attachment orders and sell the attached properties to recover the ill-gotten money. Following these powers, Sebi is now setting its eyes on steps required to give the small investors confidence to put their hard-earned savings into the capital markets, rather than unproductive assets like gold, a top official said. Among other proposals, Sebi has asked to to build skills for non-equity and off-exchange markets such as corporate bonds and structured products. Besides, Sebi has also been asked to maintain a clear and consistent vision and communicate the same to market explicitly, while ensuring a consistency even across leadership changes. Sebi also needs to adopt principles-based approach in key policy areas like fraud, compliance, disclosures and institutional interface, while it also requires to maintain a regular and open communication with the industry, the proposals say. The consultant has also suggested Sebi to adopt a risk-based supervision approach and categorise different market entities regulated by it by their risk levels. Sebi has been asked to issue guidance for turnaround times of cases and to set year-end targets, while ensuring a smooth hand over of cases from investigation to enforcement stages. For enhancing its supervision capabilities, it has been recommended that Sebi develops omnibus licensing for market conglomerates, institutes a whistle blowing policy and builds a state-of-the-art research and analytics cell. Other suggestions include increase in headcount with larger workforce in supervision functions, re-aligning the support functions under a Chief Operating Officer role, enhancing delegation of powers at various levels, linking monetary and non-monetary rewards to performance, skill development through external exposure and re-defining IT strategy of the organisation. 7. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CAPITAL MARKETS DIVISION Securities Contracts (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2007 The Securities Contracts Regulation Act, 1956 has been amended to include securitisation instruments under the definition of securities and provide for disclosure based regulation for issue of the securitized instruments and the procedure thereof. This has been done keeping in view that there is considerable potential in the securities market for the certificates or instruments under securitisation transactions. The development of the securitised debt market is critical for meeting the humungous requirements of the infrastructure sector, particularly housing sector, in the country. Replication of the securities markets framework for these instruments would facilitate trading on stock exchanges and in turn help development of the market in terms of depth and liquidity. PAN as the sole identification number PAN has been made the sole identification number for all transactions in securities market. This is an investor friendly measure as he does not have to maintain different identification numbers for different kinds of transactions/different segments in financial markets. Further, identification through PAN would help the authorities in enforcement action. Equity Finance for the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) In recognition of the need for making finance available to needy small and medium enterprises, SEBI Board in its meeting held on 25th October, 2007 had agreed to the creation of a separate Exchange for the SMEs. Accordingly, in May 2008 a discussion paper was brought out on the issue. Based on the feedback received, the SEBI Board in its meeting held on 6th October, 2008 decided to encourage promotion of either dedicated exchanges and/or dedicated platforms of the existing exchanges for listing and trading of securities issued by SMEs. On November 9, 2009 SEBI Board took a decision on the operational aspects of the exchanges/ platforms of stock exchanges for small and medium enterprises. Accordingly, SEBI has permitted setting up of a Stock exchange/ a trading platform for SMEs by a recognized stock exchange having nationwide trading terminals and also issued Guidelines for market making for the specified securities listed on the SME exchange. Further, necessary amendments to the SEBI (Issue of Capital and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2009 SEBI (Merchant Bankers) Regulations, 1992, SEBI (Foreign Institutional Investors) Regulations, 1995, SEBI (Venture Capital Funds) Regulations, 1996, SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 1997 and SEBI (Stock Brokers and Sub-brokers) Regulations, 1992 have also been carried out, to enable the SMEs to access the capital market. Based on the finalized regulations, applications have been received by SEBI for setting up SME Platforms. IPO grading SEBI has made it compulsory for companies coming out with IPOs of equity shares to get their IPOs graded by at least one credit rating agencyregistered with SEBI from May 1, 2007. This measure is intended to provide the investor with an informed and objective opinion expressed by a professional rating agency after analyzing factors like business and financial prospects, management quality and corporate governance practices etc. Till January 2008 45 IPOs have been graded by credit rating agencies. Permitting Indian mutual funds to invest in overseas securities SEBI has fixed the aggregate ceiling for overseas investments at US $ 5 billion. Within the overall limit of US $ 5 billion, mutual funds can make overseas investments subject to a maximum of US $300 million per mutual fund. Further different regulations that allow individuals and Indian mutual funds to invest in overseas securities by permitting individuals to invest through Indian mutual funds has been converged. New derivative products Mini derivative contract on Index (Sensex and Nifty) having a minimum contract size of Rs. 1 lakh have been introduced. It has been found that globally overall market liquidity and participation generally increases with introduction of mini contracts. Since January 11, 2008 SEBI has also allowed trading on options contracts on indices and stocks with a longer life/tenure of upto five years. These contracts are expected to provide liquidity at the longer end of the market. Since January 15, 2008 SEBI has permitted introduction of volatility index on futures and options contracts. An openly available and quoted measure of market volatility in the form of an index will help market participants. Short selling In pursuance to budget announcement, SEBI has issued a circular on 20th December, 2007 to permit short selling by institutional investors and securities lending and borrowing to support settlement of short sales. The scheme is likely to be operationalised shortly. Investment options for Navaratna and Miniratna Public Sector Enterprises The Navaratna and Miniratna Public Sector Enterprises have been allowed to invest in public sector mutual funds subject to the condition that they would not invest more than 30% of the available surplus funds in equity mutual funds and the Boards of PSEs would decide the guidelines, procedures and management control systems for such investment in consultation with their administrative Ministries. Investor Protection and Education Fund (IPEF) SEBI has set up the Investor Protection and Education Fund (IPEF) with the purpose of investor education and related activities. SEBI has contributed a sum of Rs. 10 crore toward the initial corpus of the IPEF from the SEBI General Fund. In addition following amounts will also be credited to the IPEF namely: i. Grants and donations given to IPEF by the Central Government, State Governments or any institution approved by SEBI for the purpose of the IPEF; ii. Interest or other income received out of the investments made from the IPEF; and iii. Such other amount that SEBI may specify in the interests of the investors.

Free Essays on Language And Communication In Culture

"The squeaky wheel gets the grease" Which means it is best to speak up according to Americans. But a saying in Japan the goes; " The nail that sticks out gets hammered back in" which implies that it is better to keep quiet. That is one difference that you can find between cultures but there are also similarities in the way we communicate. The way families communicate are pretty similar wherever you go, Other types of groups have their own way of communicating also. In America it is usually better to be more direct in most situations than in other cultures. If you don't tell people what you want you are seen as being insecure or lacking in confidence. A man especially in today's society must be certain of his statements or he is thought to be soft. Whereas a woman can get away with more indirect way of talking because we are thought to be a weaker sex any way and a woman who always asks for exactly what she she wants is too bossy or a bitch even. Both genders use indirectness but in different situations if they are talking to a boss, co-worker or an employee there are different ways to say and get what you want out of the person(s) being asked. In Japan there is a lot more use of indirectness because it is impolite of a person to demand with directness something even if they are below your status. You are expected to know what you are supposed to do as a person of lower status so you do not really need to be asked but rather state the situation and let them know through indirect statements that they are to take over. In Japan they often give greater value to silence and that some ideas are best communicated without being clearly stated. One of the basic values of the Japanese culture is that of the omoiyari which means "empathy" so you are expected to be in tune to others emotions. "Only an insensitive, uncouth person needs a direct, verbal, complete message", said by a Japanese anthropologist Takie Sugiyama Lebra. Another type of ... Free Essays on Language And Communication In Culture Free Essays on Language And Communication In Culture "The squeaky wheel gets the grease" Which means it is best to speak up according to Americans. But a saying in Japan the goes; " The nail that sticks out gets hammered back in" which implies that it is better to keep quiet. That is one difference that you can find between cultures but there are also similarities in the way we communicate. The way families communicate are pretty similar wherever you go, Other types of groups have their own way of communicating also. In America it is usually better to be more direct in most situations than in other cultures. If you don't tell people what you want you are seen as being insecure or lacking in confidence. A man especially in today's society must be certain of his statements or he is thought to be soft. Whereas a woman can get away with more indirect way of talking because we are thought to be a weaker sex any way and a woman who always asks for exactly what she she wants is too bossy or a bitch even. Both genders use indirectness but in different situations if they are talking to a boss, co-worker or an employee there are different ways to say and get what you want out of the person(s) being asked. In Japan there is a lot more use of indirectness because it is impolite of a person to demand with directness something even if they are below your status. You are expected to know what you are supposed to do as a person of lower status so you do not really need to be asked but rather state the situation and let them know through indirect statements that they are to take over. In Japan they often give greater value to silence and that some ideas are best communicated without being clearly stated. One of the basic values of the Japanese culture is that of the omoiyari which means "empathy" so you are expected to be in tune to others emotions. "Only an insensitive, uncouth person needs a direct, verbal, complete message", said by a Japanese anthropologist Takie Sugiyama Lebra. Another type of ...

Chapter 10 Of Patterns Of World History Essay -- Islam, Muhammad, Quran

The Prophet Muhammad is revered by many as the founder of Islam. As von Sivers, Desnoyers and Stow infer, the Quran and Sunna both depict a theology of Mecca and Medina (Yathrib) as the sacred cities where Mohamed would preach the God’s word to pagans (280). Muhammad’s new Religion Islam became an Arab religion that did not recognize the teaching of Judaism and Christianity (von Sivers, Desnoyers, and Stow 280). Islam is distinct from all other religions due to five religious duties that identify Muslims, the profession of faith, prayer, fasting, alms-giving, and pilgrimage to Mecca (von Sivers, Desnoyers, and Stow 281). Establishing a new religion was not a seamless process as Muhammad had to overcome before a community of Muslims that were mandated to engage in a holy struggle or jihad against those who believe in other Gods (von Sivers Desnoyers and Stow 280). What resulted was the spread of Islam throughout the Middle East as Muhammad’s successors conquered A rabia, Islam and Arab empires were a crucial component in the developments of Islamic Civilizations and Byzantium that were covered in Chapter 10 Patterns of World History, Volume One. The religion of Islam was brought to pagan Arabia by the Prophet Muhammed who spread the word of Allah to Arabs in Mecca and Yathrib. Islam grew to a point where a rift grew among Muslims forming the Sunni and Shiite sects. First came the Umayyad empire and then the Abbasids, representing the first major Arab empires, however their approach to Islam and Conquest differed were significantly different. The final point was the differences between the Russian version of Vladimir I’s conversion to Christianity on behalf of Russians and the Muslim account. In the end, the development of Islam and Arab empires unified the Arab world and began to wield increasing power over European and Asian empires.

A summary about a primary source about american history before 1865 Essay

A summary about a primary source about american history before 1865 - Essay Example Such was a significant stand that had earned him hatred among the white farmers who relied on slave labor. Furthermore, slave trade was a large industry that contributed to the economy of the country at the time. The president restates his desire to end slavery owing to the inhumane aspects it exhibited. He explains that he seeks to end slavery by influencing a change in the country’s constitution. This way, he shows that he respects the constitution. He would only introduce a change in the constitution by influencing the mindset of other elected representatives. In the letter, he expresses his desire in saving the union. The civil war threatened to destabilize the United States. He therefore explains his desire and efforts aimed at ending the civil war thus saving the union. In doing this, he explains will comply with the letters of the constitution and ending slavery thus creating a cohesive state that upholds the values of